Iranian
Biomedical Journal
Volume 29, Issue 4 (4-2025)
IBJ 2025, 29(4): 236-246 |
Back to browse issues page
Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Torabi P, Bohlooli S, Shahsavari S, Rezaie Shirmard L. Designing Oral Films Based on Beeswax: Comparative Assessment of 3D Printing and Solvent Casting. IBJ 2025; 29 (4) :236-246
URL: http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-5098-en.html
URL: http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-5098-en.html
Abstract:
Background: From the perspective of drug delivery systems, oral films (OFs) have received increased attention, mainly for pediatric and geriatric applications. Beeswax, a naturally derived and FDA-approved material, is often mixed with other polymers to enhance its mechanical properties. This study presented the first use of precisely controlled, solvent-free pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing to produce OFs.
Methods: Solvent casting and pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing were employed to produce hybrid film structures composed of beeswax, polyvinyl alcohol, borax, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, loaded with betamethasone as a model drug. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy for their physical appearance, mechanical properties, surface structure, and ultrastructural morphology, as well as their drug content and in vitro drug release.
Results: Films without the drug showed greater irregularities and roughness compared to the drug-loaded films. The physical properties of the formulations improved through three-dimensional (3D) printing.
Conclusion: By using 3D printing methods in pharmaceuticals, the treatment procedure would be highly acceptable to patients, increasing their treatment adherence. It is also useful for personal drug delivery.
Methods: Solvent casting and pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing were employed to produce hybrid film structures composed of beeswax, polyvinyl alcohol, borax, and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, loaded with betamethasone as a model drug. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy for their physical appearance, mechanical properties, surface structure, and ultrastructural morphology, as well as their drug content and in vitro drug release.
Results: Films without the drug showed greater irregularities and roughness compared to the drug-loaded films. The physical properties of the formulations improved through three-dimensional (3D) printing.
Conclusion: By using 3D printing methods in pharmaceuticals, the treatment procedure would be highly acceptable to patients, increasing their treatment adherence. It is also useful for personal drug delivery.
Type of Study: Full Length/Original Article |
Subject:
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology
References
1. Elad S, Zadik Y, Caton JG, Epstein JB. Oral mucosal changes associated with primary diseases in other body systems. Periodontol. 2019;80(1):28-48 [DOI:10.1111/prd.12265]
2. Porter SR, Mercadante V, Fedele S. Oral manifestations of systemic disease. Br Dent J. 2017;223(9):683-91. [DOI:10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.884]
3. Politis C, Schoenaers J, Jacobs R, Agbaje JO. Wound healing problems in the mouth. Front Physiol. 2016;7:507. [DOI:10.3389/fphys.2016.00507]
4. Hua S. Advances in nanoparticulate drug delivery approaches for sublingual and buccal administration. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:1328. [DOI:10.3389/fphar.2019.01328]
5. Squier CA, Nanny D. Measurement of blood flow in the oral mucosa and skin of the rhesus monkey using radiolabelled microspheres. Arch Oral Biol Brahmankar D, Jaiswal SB. Biophamaceutics and pharmacokinetics - A treatise. SIA Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd; 2015.
6. Brahmankar D, Jaiswal SB. Biophamaceutics and pharmacokinetics - A treatise. SIA Publisher & Distributors Pvt. Ltd; 2015
7. Penjuri SCB, Damineni S, Ravouru N. Design and development of buccal mucoadhesive drug delivery system for perindopril. Jordan J Pharm Sci. 2015;8(1):34-46. [DOI:10.12816/0026457]
8. Tarighi P, Mousavi Esfahani M, Emamjomeh A, Mirjalili Z, Mirzabeygi P. Optimizing cancer treatment: A comprehensive review of active and passive drug delivery strategies. Iran Biomed J. 2025;29(4):173-88.
9. Chen G, Xu Y, Kwok PCL, Kang L. Pharmaceutical applications of 3D printing. Addit Manuf. 2020;34:101209. [DOI:10.1016/j.addma.2020.101209]
10. Wu W, Zheng Q, Guo X, Sun J, Liu Y. A programmed release multi-drug implant fabricated by three-dimensional printing technology for bone tuberculosis therapy. Biomed Mater. 2009;4(6):065005. [DOI:10.1088/1748-6041/4/6/065005]
11. Amekyeh H, Billa N, Yuen K-H, Chin SLS. A gastrointestinal transit study on amphotericin B-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles in rats. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2015;16(4):871-7. [DOI:10.1208/s12249-014-0279-4]
12. Palem CR, Dudhipala NR, Battu SK, Repka MA, Rao Yamsani M. Development, optimization and in vivo characterization of domperidone-controlled release hot-melt-extruded films for buccal delivery. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2016;42(3):473-84. [DOI:10.3109/03639045.2015.1104346]
13. Ehtezazi T, Algellay M, Islam Y, Roberts M, Dempster NM, Sarker SD. The application of 3D printing in the formulation of multilayered fast dissolving oral films. J Pharm Sci. 2018;107(4):1076-85. [DOI:10.1016/j.xphs.2017.11.019]
14. Mushtaque M, Muhammad IN, Hassan SMF, Ali A, Masood R. Development and pharmaceutical evaluation of oral fast dissolving thin film of escitalopram: A patient friendly dosage form. Pak J pharm Sci. 2020;33(1):183-9.
15. Joshua JM, Hari R, Jyothish FK, Surendran SA. Fast dissolving oral thin films: An effective dosage form for quick releases. Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res. 2016;38(1):282-9.
16. Bahri-Najafi R, Yari A, Tavakoli N, Keshvari M. Designing of the ibuprofen mucoadhesive film for relief the oral pain and inflammation. J Shahrekord Univ Med Sci. 2014;15(6):132-40.
17. Eleftheriadis GK, Ritzoulis C, Bouropoulos N, Tzetzis D, Andreadis DA, Boetker J, et al. Unidirectional drug release from 3D printed mucoadhesive buccal films using FDM technology: In vitro and ex vivo evaluation. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2019;144:180-92. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.09.018]
18. Panraksa P, Udomsom S, Rachtanapun P, Chittasupho C, Ruksiriwanich W, Jantrawut P. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose E15: A hydrophilic polymer for fabrication of orodispersible film using syringe extrusion 3D printer. Polymers. 2020;12(11):2666. [DOI:10.3390/polym12112666]
19. Kumar GP, Phani AR, Prasad RGSV, Sanganal JS, Manali N, Gupta R, et al. Polyvinylpyrrolidone oral films of enrofloxacin: Film characterization and drug release. Int J Pharm. 2014;471(1-2):146-52. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2014.05.033]
20. Nair AB, Kumria R, Harsha S, Attimarad M, Al-Dhubiab BE, Alhaider IA. In vitro techniques to evaluate buccal films. J Control Release. 2013;166(1):10-21. [DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.11.019]
21. Rivera C. Essentials of recurrent aphthous stomatitis. Biomed Rep. 2019;11(2):47-50. [DOI:10.3892/br.2019.1221]
22. Klančar U, Baumgartner S, Legen I, Smrdel P, Kampuš NJ, Krajcar D, et al. Determining the polymer threshold amount for achieving robust drug release from HPMC and HPC matrix tablets containing a high-dose BCS class I model drug: In vitro and in vivo studies. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2014;16(2):398-406. [DOI:10.1208/s12249-014-0234-4]
23. Preis M, Woertz C, Kleinebudde P, Breitkreutz J. Oromucosal film preparations: Classification and characterization methods. Expert Opin Drug Deliv. 2013;10(9):1303-17. [DOI:10.1517/17425247.2013.804058]
24. Diaz-Salmeron R, Toussaint B, Huang N, Bourgeois Ducournau E, Alviset G, Goulay Dufaÿ S, et al. Mucoadhesive poloxamer-based hydrogels for the release of HP-β-cd-complexed dexamethasone in the treatment of buccal diseases. Pharmaceutics. 2021;13(1):117. [DOI:10.3390/pharmaceutics13010117]
25. Perioli L, Ambrogi V, Angelici F, Ricci M, Giovagnoli S, Capuccella M, Rossi C. Development of mucoadhesive patches for buccal administration of ibuprofen. J Control Release. 2004;99(1):73-82. [DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2004.06.005]
26. Prabhushankar GL, Gopalkrishna B, Manjunatha KM, Girisha CH. Formulation and evaluation of levofloxacin dental films for periodontitis. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2010;2(1):162-8.
27. Zhang C, Liu Y, Li W, Gao P, Xiang D, Ren X, Liu D. Mucoadhesive buccal film containing ornidazole and dexamethasone for oral ulcers: In vitro and in vivo studies. Pharm Dev Technol. 2019;24(1):118-26. [DOI:10.1080/10837450.2018.1428814]
28. Yedurkar P, Dhiman MK, Petkar K, Sawant K. Biopolymeric mucoadhesive bilayer patch of pravastatin sodium for buccal delivery and treatment of patients with atherosclerosis. Drug Dev Ind Pharm. 2013;39(5):670-80. [DOI:10.3109/03639045.2012.687379]
29. Özakar RS, Özakar E. Current overview of oral thin films. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2021;18(1):111-21. [DOI:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2020.76390]
30. Laffleur F, Ataii M. Preparation and evaluation of a novel dosage form for onychomycosis. Int J Pharm. 2017;518(1-2):105-10. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.12.055]
31. Borges AF, Silva C, Coelho JFJ, Simões S. Oral films: Current status and future perspectives: I-Galenical development and quality attributes. J Control Release. 2015;206:1-19. [DOI:10.1016/j.jconrel.2015.03.006]
32. Karthik DR, Keerthy HS, Yadav RP. A review on fast dissolving oral films. Asian J Pharm Res Dev. 2021;9(3):122-8. [DOI:10.22270/ajprd.v9i3.969]
33. Pechová V, Gajdziok J, Muselík J, Vetchý D. Development of orodispersible films containing benzydamine hydrochloride using a modified solvent casting method. AAPS PharmSciTech. 2018;19:2509-18. [DOI:10.1208/s12249-018-1088-y]
34. Lim SY, Dafydd M, Ong J, Ord-McDermott LA, Board-Davies E, Sands K, et al. Mucoadhesive thin films for the simultaneous delivery of microbicide and anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of periodontal diseases. Int J Pharm. 2020;573:118860. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2019.118860]
35. Vetchý D, Landová H, Gajdziok J, Doležel P, Daněk Z, Štembírek J. Determination of dependencies among in vitro and in vivo properties of prepared mucoadhesive buccal films using multivariate data analysis. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2014;86(3):498-506. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.12.002]
36. Alaei S, Omidian H. Mucoadhesion and mechanical assessment of oral films. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2021;159:105727. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105727]
37. Vuddanda PR, Montenegro-Nicolini M, Morales JO, Velaga S. Effect of plasticizers on the physico-mechanical properties of pullulan based pharmaceutical oral films. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2017;96:290-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.ejps.2016.09.011]
| Rights and permissions | |
 |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License. |
IBJ is a member of Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE)
and follows its guidelines |
The articles of this journal are licensed under
a Creative Commons Attribution-NonDerivatives 4.0 International License. .png) |
 IBJ is owned and published by Pasteur Institute of Iran |