Volume 28, Issue 4 (7-2024)                   IBJ 2024, 28(4): 148-155 | Back to browse issues page

XML Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Eskandari S E, Memariani M, Memariani H, Mohebali M, Khamesipour A. Molecular Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Causative Leishmania Species in Iran: A Narrative Review. IBJ 2024; 28 (4) :148-155
URL: http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/article-1-4239-en.html
Molecular Diagnosis of Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis and Identification of the Causative Leishmania Species in Iran: A Narrative Review
Seyed Ebrahim Eskandari * , Mojtaba Memariani , Hamed Memariani , Mehdi Mohebali , Ali Khamesipour
Abstract:  
Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is a common form of leishmaniasis in underdeveloped countries. Although CL tends to be self-limiting, it can cause significant scars and may progress to more severe manifestations. Additionally, Leishmania species vary in susceptibility to the available treatments. The selection of treatment and clinical outcome of CL depend on the accurate determination of the Leishmania species. This mini-review aims to provide an overview of the molecular diagnosis techniques such as PCR-based assays, nucleic acid sequence-based amplification, and loop-mediated isothermal amplification utilized in the identification of Leishmania species in Iran.
Keywords: Humans, Iran, Leishmaniasis, Molecular diagnostic techniques
Full-Text [PDF 1166 kb]      
Type of Study: Review Article | Subject: Molecular Microbiology
References
1. Pasquier G, Demar M, Lami P, Zribi A, Marty P, Buffet P, et al. Leishmaniasis epidemiology in endemic areas of metropolitan France and its overseas territories from 1998 to 2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2022; 16(10):e0010745. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0010745]
2. Reithinger R, Dujardin JC, Louzir H, Pirmez C, Alexander B, Brooker S. Cutaneous leishmaniasis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2007; 7(9):581-96. [DOI:10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70209-8]
3. de Vries HJ, Schallig HD. Cutaneous leishmaniasis: a 2022 updated narrative review into diagnosis and management developments. Am J Clin Dermatol. 2022; 23(6):823-40. [DOI:10.1007/s40257-022-00726-8]
4. Van Griensven J, Carrillo E, López-Vélez R, Lynen L, Moreno J. Leishmaniasis in immunosuppressed individuals. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014; 20(4):286-99. [DOI:10.1111/1469-0691.12556]
5. Abadías-Granado I, Diago A, Cerro PA, Palma-Ruiz AM, Gilaberte Y. Cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Actas Dermo-Sifiliográficas (Engl Ed). 2021; doi: 10.1016/j.ad.2021.02.008. [DOI:10.1016/j.ad.2021.02.008]
6. Reimão JQ, Coser EM, Lee MR, Coelho AC. Laboratory diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis: current and future methods. Microorganisms. 2020; 8(11):1632. [DOI:10.3390/microorganisms8111632]
7. Thakur S, Joshi J, Kaur S. Leishmaniasis diagnosis: an update on the use of parasitological, immunological and molecular methods. J Parasit Dis. 2020; 44(2):253-72. [DOI:10.1007/s12639-020-01212-w]
8. Tsokana CN, Athanasiou LV, Valiakos G, Spyrou V, Manolakou K, Billinis C. Molecular Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis, Species Identification and Phylogenetic Analysis. In: Claborn DM editor. Leishmaniasis-Trends Epidemiol Diagnosis Treat. London: In Tech Open; 2014; pp. 161-193.
9. Akhoundi M, Downing T, Votýpka J, Kuhls K, Lukeš J, Cannet A, et al. Leishmania infections: Molecular targets and diagnosis. Mol Aspects Med. 2017; 57:1-29. [DOI:10.1016/j.mam.2016.11.012]
10. Goto H, Lindoso JAL. Current diagnosis and treatment of cutaneous and mucocutaneous leishmaniasis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2010; 8(4):419-33. [DOI:10.1586/eri.10.19]
11. Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Hatam GR, Kalantari M, Habibi P, Sarkari B. Comparison of three methods for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Iran J Parasitol. 2010; 5(4):1-8.
12. Shahbazi F, Shahabi S, Kazemi B, Mohebali M, Abadi AR, Zare Z. Evaluation of PCR assay in diagnosis and identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparison with the parasitological methods. Parasitol Res. 2008; 103(5):1159-62. [DOI:10.1007/s00436-008-1111-4]
13. Kermanjani A, Akhlaghi L, Oormazdi H, Hadighi R. Isolation and identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis species by PCR-RFLP in Ilam province, the west of Iran. J Parasit Dis. 2017; 41(1):175-9. [DOI:10.1007/s12639-016-0772-7]
14. Teimouri A, Mohebali M, Kazemirad E, Hajjaran H. Molecular identification of agents of human cutaneous leishmaniasis and canine visceral leishmaniasis in different areas of Iran using internal transcribed spacer 1 PCR-RFLP. J Arthropod Borne Dis. 2018; 12(2):162-71. [DOI:10.18502/jad.v12i2.42]
15. Ghatee MA, Mirhendi H, Marashifard M, Kanannejad Z, Taylor WR, Sharifi I. Population structure of Leishmania tropica causing anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis in southern Iran by PCR-RFLP of kinetoplastid DNA. Biomed Res Int. 2018; 2018:6049198. [DOI:10.1155/2018/6049198]
16. Darudi S, Mohebali M, Hajjaran H, Fata A, Kazemi-Rad E, Raoofian R. A comparison study between parasitological and molecular methods for diagnosis of acute and chronic anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis. JoMMID. 2015; 3(3):52-6.
17. Mesa LE, Manrique R, Muskus C, Robledo SM. Test accuracy of polymerase chain reaction methods against conventional diagnostic techniques for cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in patients with clinical or epidemiological suspicion of CL: Systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020; 14(1):e0007981. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007981]
18. Deepachandi B, Weerasinghe S, Soysa P, Karunaweera N, Siriwardana Y. A highly sensitive modified nested PCR to enhance case detection in leishmaniasis. BMC Infect Dis. 2019; 19(1):623. [DOI:10.1186/s12879-019-4180-3]
19. Feiz Haddad MH, Ghasemi E, Maraghi S, Tavala M. Identification of Leishmania species isolated from human cutaneous leishmaniasis in Mehran, Western Iran using nested PCR. Iran J Parasitol. 2016; 11(1):65-72.
20. Shirian S, Oryan A, Hatam GR, Panahi S, Daneshbod Y. Comparison of conventional, molecular, and immunohistochemical methods in diagnosis of typical and atypical cutaneous leishmaniasis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2014; 138(2):235-40. [DOI:10.5858/arpa.2013-0098-OA]
21. Khosravi A, Sharifi I, Dortaj E, Afshar AA, Mostafavi M. The present status of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a recently emerged focus in south-west of Kerman Province, Iran. Iran J Public Health. 2013; 42(2):182-7.
22. Ghasemian M, Maraghi S, Samarbafzadeh AR, Jelowdar A, Kalantari M. The PCR-based detection and identification of the parasites causing human cutaneous leishmaniasis in the Iranian city of Ahvaz. Ann Trop Med Parasitol.2011; 105(3):209-215. [DOI:10.1179/136485911X12899838683520]
23. Maraghi S, Mardanshah O, Rafiei A, Samarbafzadeh A, Vazirianzadeh B. Identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis agents in four geographical regions of Khuzestan province using Nested PCR. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2013; 6(4):e4866. [DOI:10.5812/jjm.4866]
24. Parvizi P, Mauricio I, Aransay AM, Miles MA, Ready PD. First detection of Leishmania major in peridomesticPhlebotomus papatasi from Isfahan province, Iran: comparison of nested PCR of nuclear ITS ribosomal DNA and semi-nested PCR of minicircle kinetoplast DNA. Acta Trop. 2005; 93(1):75-83. [DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2004.09.007]
25. Oshaghi MA, Yaghobi-Ershadi MR, Abbassi M, Parvizi P, Akhavan AA, Foroshani AR, et al. Detection of Leishmania major in naturally infected sand flies using semi nested-PCR. Iran J Public Health. 2008; 37(4):59-64.
26. El-Beshbishy HA, Al-Ali KH, El-Badry AA. Molecular characterization of Leishmania infection in sand flies from Al-madinah Al-munawarah province, western Saudi Arabia. Exp Parasitol. 2013; 134(2):211-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.02.016]
27. Arefkhah N, Shafiei S, Saadat Nia A, Moshfe A. Identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis-causing species using semi-nested PCR in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province during 2013-2019. Armaghanj, 2022; 27(4):497-506. [DOI:10.52547/armaghanj.27.4.497]
28. Karimian Shirazi M, Razmi G, Naghibi A. Molecular Identification of Leishmania species causing cutaneous Leishmaniasis In Mashhad area, Iran. JBUMS. 2014; 21(2):237-45.
29. Badirzadeh A, Mohebali M, Ghasemian M, Amini H, Zarei Z, Akhoundi B, et al. Cutaneous and post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum in endemic areas of visceral leishmaniasis, northwestern Iran 2002-2011: a case series. Pathog Glob Health. 2013; 107(4):194-7. [DOI:10.1179/2047773213Y.0000000097]
30. de Cássia-Pires R, de Melo MD, Barbosa RD, Roque AL. Multiplex PCR as a tool for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. kDNA and the gapdh housekeeping gene of mammal hosts. PLoS One. 2017; 12(3):e0173922. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0173922]
31. Conter CC, Lonardoni MV, Aristides SM, Cardoso RF, Silveira TG. New primers for the detection Leishmania species by multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Parasitol Res. 2018; 117:501-1. [DOI:10.1007/s00436-017-5726-1]
32. Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, Silva RP, Morais RCSD, Trajano-Silva LA, Régis-da-Silva CG, Brandão Filho SP, et al. Tracking false-negative results in molecular diagnosis: proposal of a triplex-PCR based method for leishmaniasis diagnosis. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis. 2014; 20: article number 16. [DOI:10.1186/1678-9199-20-16]
33. Harris E, Kropp G, Belli A, Rodriguez B, Agabian N. Single-step multiplex PCR assay for characterization of New World Leishmania complexes. J Clin Microbiol. 1998; 36(7):1989-95. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.36.7.1989-1995.1998]
34. Nateghi Rostami M, Darzi F, Farahmand M, Aghaei M, Parvizi P. Performance of a universal PCR assay to identify different Leishmania species causative of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis. Parasit Vectors. 2020; 13:article number 431. [DOI:10.1186/s13071-020-04261-5]
35. Safari Z, Saadati M, Nazarian S, Heiat M, Mirzaei M. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis by multiplex PCR. JSSU. 2010; 18(2):118-26.
36. Adams G. A beginner's guide to RT-PCR, qPCR and RT-qPCR. Biochem (Lond). 2020; 42(3):48-53. [DOI:10.1042/BIO20200034]
37. Khademvatan S, Neisi N, Maraghi S, Saki J. Diagnosis and identification of Leishmania spp. from Giemsa-stained slides, by real-time PCR and melting curve analysis in south-west of Iran. Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2011; 105(8):559-65. [DOI:10.1179/2047773211Y.0000000014]
38. Khosravi S, Hejazi SH, Hashemzadeh M, Eslami G, Darani HY. Molecular diagnosis of old world leishmaniasis: Real-time PCR based on tryparedoxin peroxidase gene for the detection and identification of: Leishmania: spp. J Vector Borne Dis. 2012; 49(1):15-18. [DOI:10.4103/0972-9062.213320]
39. Fekri-SoofiAbadi M, Fekri M, Moradabadi A, Vahidi R, Shamsi-Meymandi S, Dabiri D, et al. Ability of real-time PCR for differential diagnosis of various forms of cutaneous leishmaniasis: a comparative study with histopathology. BMC Res Notes. 2019; 12:615. [DOI:10.1186/s13104-019-4666-5]
40. Fotouhi-Ardakani R, Ghafari SM, Ready PD, Parvizi P. Developing, modifying, and validating a TaqMan real-time PCR technique for accurate identification of Leishmania parasites causing most leishmaniasis in Iran. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2021; 11:731595. [DOI:10.3389/fcimb.2021.731595]
41. Merino‐Espinosa G, Rodríguez‐Granger J, Morillas‐Márquez F, Tercedor J, Corpas‐López V, Chiheb S, et al. Comparison of PCR‐based methods for the diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis in two different epidemiological scenarios: Spain and Morocco. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol. 2018; 32(11):1999-2003. [DOI:10.1111/jdv.15034]
42. Samimi A, Jorjani ON, Sharifi Z, Koohsar F, Kalavi K, Mesgarian F, et al. Detection of Leishmania major using PCR-ELISA. Mljgoums. 2022; 16(3):24-9.
43. Kobets T, Badalová J, Grekov I, Havelková H, Svobodová M, Lipoldová M. Leishmania parasite detection and quantification using PCR-ELISA. Nat Protoc. 2010; 5(6):1074-80. [DOI:10.1038/nprot.2010.68]
44. Alborzi A, Pourabbas B, Shahian F, Mardaneh J, Pouladfar GR, Ziyaeyan M. Detection of Leishmania infantum kinetoplast DNA in the whole blood of asymptomatic individuals by PCR-ELISA and comparison with other infection markers in endemic areas, southern Iran. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2008; 79(6):839-42. [DOI:10.4269/ajtmh.2008.79.839]
45. Restrepo CM, Llanes A, Lleonart R. Use of AFLP for the study of eukaryotic pathogens affecting humans. Infect Genet Evol. 2018; 63:360-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.meegid.2017.09.017]
46. Kumar A, Boggula VR, Misra P, Sundar S, Shasany AK, Dube A. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis is useful for distinguishing Leishmania species of visceral and cutaneous forms. Acta Trop. 2010; 113(2):202-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.actatropica.2009.10.006]
47. Kazemi-Rad E, Mohebali M, Khadem-Erfan MB, Saffari M, Raoofian R, Hajjaran H, et al. Identification of antimony resistance markers in Leishmania tropica field isolates through a cDNA-AFLP approach. Exp Parasitol. 2013; 135(2):344-9. [DOI:10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.018]
48. Khadem Erfan MB, Mohebali M, Kazemi-Rad E, Hajjaran H, Edrissian G, Mamishi S, et al. Downregulation of calcineurin gene is associated with Glucantime® resiatance in Leishmania infantum. Iran J Parasitol. 2013; 8(3):359-66.
49. van der Meide WF, Schoone GJ, Faber WR, Zeegelaar JE, de Vries HJ, Ozbel Y, et al. Quantitative nucleic acid sequence-based assay as a new molecular tool for detection and quantification of Leishmania parasites in skin biopsy samples. J Clin Microbiol. 2005; 43(11):5560-6. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.43.11.5560-5566.2005]
50. van der Meide WF, Peekel I, van Thiel PP, Schallig HD, De Vries HJ, Zeegelaar JE, et al. Treatment assessment by monitoring parasite load in skin biopsies from patients with cutaneous leishmaniasis, using quantitative nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2008; 33(4):394-9. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2230.2007.02680.x]
51. Niazi A, Koohsar F, Ghaffarifar F, Ziaei-Hezarjaribi H, Mesgarian F, Jorjani O. Sensitivity and specificity of nucleic acid sequence-based amplification method for diagnosis of cutaneous Leishmaniasis. Mljgoums 2014; 8(2):20-6.
52. Shirbazou SH, Dalimiasl A, Forouzandeh MM, Ghaffarifar F. Standardization of NASBA method by using 18s rRNA gene for identification of Leishmaniamajor parasite (In Persian). Kowsar Med J. 2009; 14(3):137-42.
53. Niazi A, Jorjani ON, Nikbakht H, Gill P. A nanodiagnostic colorimetric assay for 18S rRNA of Leishmania pathogens using nucleic acid sequence-based amplification and gold nanorods. Mol Diagn Ther. 2013; 17:363-70. [DOI:10.1007/s40291-013-0044-5]
54. Avendaño C, Patarroyo MA. Loop-mediated isothermal amplification as point-of-care diagnosis for neglected parasitic infections. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(21):7981. [DOI:10.3390/ijms21217981]
55. Adams ER, Schoone G, Versteeg I, Gomez MA, Diro E, Mori Y, et al. Development and evaluation of a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for diagnosis of cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. J Clin Microbiol. 2018; 56(7):e00386-18. [DOI:10.1128/JCM.00386-18]
56. Saki J, Amraee D, Ghasemian M. Comparison of nested-PCR and loop-mediated isothermal amplification for cutaneous leishmaniasis diagnosis. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2019; 12(8): Available from: https://sid.ir/ paper/317806/en. [DOI:10.5812/jjm.94171]
57. Salari S, Taghdiri A, Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Almani PG. A novel rapid LAMP test for identification of cutaneous leishmaniasis: an evaluation and comparative analysis of three molecular methods. Microb Pathog. 2022; 169:105612. [DOI:10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105612]
58. Taslimi Y, Habibzadeh S, Goyonlo VM, Akbarzadeh A, Azarpour Z, Gharibzadeh S, et al. Tape-disc-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (TD-LAMP) method as noninvasive approach for diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. tropica. Heliyon. 2023; 9(11):e21397. [DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e21397]
59. Zare M, Akbarialiabad H, Parsaei H, Asgari Q, Alinejad A, Bahreini MS, et al. A machine learning-based system for detecting leishmaniasis in microscopic images. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22(1):48. [DOI:10.1186/s12879-022-07029-7]
60. Bamorovat M, Sharifi I, Rashedi E, Shafiian A, Sharifi F, Khosravi A, et al. A novel diagnostic and prognostic approach for unresponsive patients with anthroponotic cutaneous leishmaniasis using artificial neural networks. PLoS One 2021; 16(5):e0250904. [DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0250904]
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Iranian Biomedical Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb