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Background: Recent studies have shown that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have a putative ability to promote neurogenesis and produce behavioral and functional improvement. Our previous study demonstrated that co-treatment of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and BMSCs have beneficial effects on Parkinson's models. The main purpose of this research was to investigate the effects of these two factors on oxidative stress factors in the brain of Parkinson's rat. Methods: Adult male Wistar rats (weighing 200–250 g) were used and randomly divided into five groups of seven each. To create the Parkinson's model, 6-OHDA was injected into the left substantia nigra pars compacta. The BMSCs (2 × 10⁶) and G-CSF (75 µg/kg) were used for treatment after creating the PD model. After four weeks, the brains of rats were removed and processed for immunohistochemical studies, such as tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons as well as analysis of oxidative stress factors. Results: The results showed that the injected BMSCs could cross the BBB. The injected cells are also able to settle in different areas of the brain. Analyses of the brain oxidative stress factors showed that G-CSF and BMSCs reduced the expression of malondialdehyde and induced the activity of superoxide dismutase, glutathione, and peroxidase ferric reducing ability of plasma. Conclusion: Co-administration of G-CSF and BMSC reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and induced the activity of antioxidant enzymes; however, neurogenesis increased in the brain. 

Keywords: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, Mesenchymal stem cells, Parkinson disease, Oxidative stress

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