en Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Biotechnology مقاله کامل Full Length/Original Article <div style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family:Times New Roman;"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">Background:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black"> From the perspective of </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:black">drug delivery systems</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">, oral films (OFs) have received increased attention, mainly for pediatric and geriatric applications. Beeswax, a naturally derived and FDA-approved material, is often mixed with other polymers to enhance its mechanical properties. This study presented the first use of precisely controlled, solvent-free pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing&nbsp;to produce OFs. </span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">Methods:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black"> Solvent casting and pressure-assisted micro-syringe printing were employed to produce hybrid film structures composed of beeswax,</span></span> <span style="font-size:9.0pt">polyvinyl alcohol</span><span style="font-size:10.5pt">, borax, and </span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:black">hydroxypropyl methylcellulose</span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">, loaded with betamethasone as a model drug. The films</span></span> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">were characterized by </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="color:black">scanning electron microscopy </span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">for their physical appearance, mechanical properties, surface structure, and ultrastructural morphology, as well as their drug content and in vitro drug release. </span></span></span></span><br> <span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">Results:</span></span></b> <span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">Films without the drug showed greater irregularities and roughness compared to the drug-loaded films. The physical properties of the formulations improved through </span></span><span style="font-size:9.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">three-dimensional (</span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="color:black">3D) printing. </span></span><span style="font-size:10.5pt"></span></span></span><br> <b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Conclusion:</span></span></b><span style="font-size:10.5pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> <span style="color:#202124">By using 3D printing methods in pharmaceuticals, the treatment procedure would be highly acceptable to patients, increasing their treatment adherence. It is also </span>useful for personal drug delivery.</span></span> </span></div> Flagellin, Urinary tract infections, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli, Vaccines 236 246 http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-6294-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Pegah Torabi Pegah.torabi@yahoo.com 0009-0001-0609-7371 No Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Shahab Bohlooli shahab.bohlooli@gmail.com 0000-0002-4873-7189 No Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran Shadab Shahsavari Sh.shahsavari@srbiau.ac.ir 0000-0003-0459-2739 No Chemical Engineering Department, Varamin-Pishva Branch, Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran Leila Rezaie Shirmard leilarezaie13@gmail.com 0000-0001-9408-3502 Yes Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, Ardabil, Iran