en Tissue Engineering and Cell Biology Tissue Engineering and Cell Biology مقاله کامل Full Length/Original Article <strong>Background:</strong> One of the main challenges with conventional scaffold fabrication methods is the inability to control scaffold architecture. Recently, scaffolds with controlled shape and architecture have been fabricated using three-dimensional printing (3DP). Herein, we&nbsp;aimed to determine whether the much tighter control of microstructure of 3DP poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid/&beta;-tricalcium phosphate (PLGA/&beta;-TCP) scaffolds is more effective in promoting osteogenesis than porous scaffolds produced by solvent casting/porogen leaching. <strong>Methods:</strong> Physical and mechanical properties of porous and 3DP scaffolds were studied. The response of pre-osteoblasts to the scaffolds was analyzed after 14 days. <strong>Results:</strong> The 3DP scaffolds had a smoother surface (R_a: 22 &plusmn; 3 &micro;m) relative to the highly rough surface of porous scaffolds (R_a: 110 &plusmn; 15 &micro;m). Water contact angle was 112 &plusmn; 4&deg; on porous and 76 &plusmn; 6&deg; on 3DP scaffolds. Porous and 3DP scaffolds had the pore size of 408 &plusmn; 90 and 315 &plusmn; 17 &micro;m and porosity of 85 &plusmn; 5% and 39 &plusmn; 7%, respectively. Compressive strength of 3DP scaffolds (4.0 &plusmn; 0.3 MPa) was higher than porous scaffolds (1.7 &plusmn; 0.2 MPa). Collagenous matrix deposition was similar on both scaffolds. Cells proliferated from day 1 to day 14 by fourfold in porous and by 3.8-fold in 3DP scaffolds. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was 21-fold higher in 3DP scaffolds than porous scaffolds. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> The 3DP scaffolds show enhanced mechanical properties and ALP activity compared to porous scaffolds <em>in vitro</em>, suggesting that 3DP PLGA/&beta;-TCP scaffolds are possibly more favorable for bone formation. Alkaline phosphatase, β-tricalcium phosphate, Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid copolymer 78 87 http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-3936-1&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Yasaman Zamani zamani.yass@gmail.com 0000-0002-3687-2471 No Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Ghassem Amoabediny amoabediny@ut.ac.ir 0000-0002-9540-7326 No Department of Biomedical Engineering, Research Center for New Technologies in Life Science Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Javad Mohammadi javad.mohammadi@ut.ac.ir 0000-0002-5885-5402 Yes Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of New Sciences and Technologies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran; Behrouz Zandieh-Doulabi bzandiehdoulabi@acta.nl 0000-0002-0290-3241 No Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)-University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Jenneke Klein-Nulend j.kleinnulend@acta.nl 0000-0001-7661-199X No Department of Oral Cell Biology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA)-University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands Marco N. Helder m.helder@amsterdamumc.nl 0000-0003-3195-1223 No Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Oral Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers-location VUmc and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;