en Molecular Genetics & Genomics Molecular Genetics & Genomics مقاله مروری Review Article Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is an infrequent calcitonin-producing neuroendocrine tumor that initiates from the parafollicular C cells of the thyroid gland. Several genetic and epigenetic alterations are collaterally responsible for medullary thyroid carcinogenesis. In this review article, we shed light on all the genetic and epigenetic hallmarks of MTC. From the genetic perspective, <em>RET</em>, <em>HRAS</em>, and <em>KRAS</em> are the most important genes that are characterized in MTC. From the epigenetic perspective, Ras-association domain family member 1A<em>, </em>telomerase reverse transcriptase promoter methylations<em>, </em>overexpression of histone methyltransferases, <em>EZH2 </em>and <em>SMYD3</em>, and wide ranging increase and decrease in non-coding RNAs can be responsible for medullary thyroid carcinogenesis. Thyroid carcinoma, Genetic markers, Proto-oncogene 142 150 http://ibj.pasteur.ac.ir/browse.php?a_code=A-10-1-705&slc_lang=en&sid=1 Fatemeh Khatami Yes Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran Seyed Mohammad Tavangar No Chronic Diseases Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Population Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran