Antitumorigenic Effect of Cannabidiol in Lung Cancer: What Do We Know So Far?–A Mini Review

Lung cancer remains a major factor contributing to morbidity and mortality worldwide. CBD and THC could serve as a specific treatment for lung cancer, owing to their essential role in lung cancer cell apoptosis. This review evaluated the antitumorigenic mechanisms of CBD in lung cancer cells. We searched the databases MEDLINE, clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Google Scholar using specific terms. Of 246 studies screened, nine were included and assessed using the ToxRTool. All the selected studies were conducted in vitro, and four of which also had an in vivo content. The most common cell line used in all the studies was A549; however, some studies contained other cell lines, including H460 and H358. Our findings suggested that CBD has direct antineoplastic effects on lung cancer cells through various mechanisms mediated by cannabinoid receptors or independent of these receptors. All studies were referred to an in vitro model; hence, further research in animals is required.


Rationale
3 Describe the rationale for the review in the context of existing knowledge. 3,4 Objectives 4 Provide an explicit statement of the objective(s) or question(s) the review addresses. 5

Eligibility criteria 5
Specify the inclusion and exclusion criteria for the review and how studies were grouped for the syntheses. 6 Information sources 6 Specify all databases, registers, websites, organisations, reference lists and other sources searched or consulted to identify studies. Specify the date when each source was last searched or consulted.
6 Search strategy 7 Present the full search strategies for all databases, registers and websites, including any filters and limits used. 5 Selection process 8 Specify the methods used to decide whether a study met the inclusion criteria of the review, including how many reviewers screened each record and each report retrieved, whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.

6
Data collection process 9 Specify the methods used to collect data from reports, including how many reviewers collected data from each report, whether they worked independently, any processes for obtaining or confirming data from study investigators, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.

6
Data items 10a List and define all outcomes for which data were sought. Specify whether all results that were compatible with each outcome domain in each study were sought (e.g. for all measures, time points, analyses), and if not, the methods used to decide which results to collect.

NA 10b
List and define all other variables for which data were sought (e.g. participant and intervention characteristics, funding sources). Describe any assumptions made about any missing or unclear information.
NA Study risk of bias assessment 11 Specify the methods used to assess risk of bias in the included studies, including details of the tool(s) used, how many reviewers assessed each study and whether they worked independently, and if applicable, details of automation tools used in the process.

6
Effect measures 12 Specify for each outcome the effect measure(s) (e.g. risk ratio, mean difference) used in the synthesis or presentation of results. NA Synthesis methods 13a Describe the processes used to decide which studies were eligible for each synthesis (e.g. tabulating the study intervention characteristics and comparing against the planned groups for each synthesis (item #5)).

NA 13b
Describe any methods required to prepare the data for presentation or synthesis, such as handling of missing summary statistics, or data conversions. NA 13c Describe any methods used to tabulate or visually display results of individual studies and syntheses. NA 13d Describe any methods used to synthesize results and provide a rationale for the choice(s). If meta-analysis was performed, describe the model(s), method(s) to identify the presence and extent of statistical heterogeneity, and software package(s) used.

NA 13e
Describe any methods used to explore possible causes of heterogeneity among study results (e.g. subgroup analysis, meta-regression). NA 13f Describe any sensitivity analyses conducted to assess robustness of the synthesized results. NA Reporting bias assessment 14 Describe any methods used to assess risk of bias due to missing results in a synthesis (arising from reporting biases). NA

Certainty assessment 15
Describe any methods used to assess certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for an outcome. NA

Study selection 16a
Describe the results of the search and selection process, from the number of records identified in the search to the number of studies included in the review, ideally using a flow diagram.

16b
Cite studies that might appear to meet the inclusion criteria, but which were excluded, and explain why they were excluded. For all outcomes, present, for each study: (a) summary statistics for each group (where appropriate) and (b) an effect estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval), ideally using structured tables or plots.

8,9,10
Results of syntheses 20a For each synthesis, briefly summarise the characteristics and risk of bias among contributing studies. NA 20b Present results of all statistical syntheses conducted. If meta-analysis was done, present for each the summary estimate and its precision (e.g. confidence/credible interval) and measures of statistical heterogeneity. If comparing groups, describe the direction of the effect.

NA 20c
Present results of all investigations of possible causes of heterogeneity among study results. NA 20d Present results of all sensitivity analyses conducted to assess the robustness of the synthesized results. NA Reporting biases 21 Present assessments of risk of bias due to missing results (arising from reporting biases) for each synthesis assessed. NA Certainty of evidence 22 Present assessments of certainty (or confidence) in the body of evidence for each outcome assessed. NA

Discussion 23a
Provide a general interpretation of the results in the context of other evidence. 11 23b Discuss any limitations of the evidence included in the review. 12 23c Discuss any limitations of the review processes used. 12,13 23d Discuss implications of the results for practice, policy, and future research. 12,13

Registration and protocol 24a
Provide registration information for the review, including register name and registration number, or state that the review was not registered. NA 24b Indicate where the review protocol can be accessed, or state that a protocol was not prepared. NA 24c Describe and explain any amendments to information provided at registration or in the protocol. NA Support 25 Describe sources of financial or non-financial support for the review, and the role of the funders or sponsors in the review. 13 Competing interests 26 Declare any competing interests of review authors. 13 Availability of data, code and other materials 27 Report which of the following are publicly available and where they can be found: template data collection forms; data extracted from included studies; data used for all analyses; analytic code; any other materials used in the review.
NA NA, not applicable